Neka je A B ‾ \overline{AB} A B osnovica jednakokračnog trokuta △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C i ∣ ∠ A C B ∣ = 45 ° |\angle ACB|=45° ∣∠ A C B ∣ = 45° .
Skica:
Označimo s D D D nožište visine iz vrha C C C . Tada je v = ∣ C D ∣ = 2 + 2 v=|CD|=\sqrt{2+\sqrt2} v = ∣ C D ∣ = 2 + 2 .
Neka je E E E nožište visine iz vrha A A A na stranicu B C ‾ \overline{BC} B C .
Trokut △ A E C \triangle AEC △ A E C je pravokutan, a kako je ∣ ∠ A C B ∣ = 45 ° |\angle ACB|=45° ∣∠ A C B ∣ = 45° , slijedi ∣ ∠ E A C ∣ = 180 ° − ( 90 ° + 45 ° ) = 45 ° |\angle EAC|=180°-(90°+45°)=45° ∣∠ E A C ∣ = 180° − ( 90° + 45° ) = 45° .
Dakle, trokut △ A E C \triangle AEC △ A E C je jednakokračan, pa je ∣ A E ∣ = ∣ E C ∣ = x |AE|=|EC|=x ∣ A E ∣ = ∣ E C ∣ = x .
Dalje, prema Pitagorinom poučku je ∣ A C ∣ = x 2 + x 2 = 2 x 2 = x 2 |AC|=\sqrt{x^2+x^2}=\sqrt{2x^2}=x\sqrt2 ∣ A C ∣ = x 2 + x 2 = 2 x 2 = x 2 .
Neka je ∣ B E ∣ = y |BE|=y ∣ B E ∣ = y .
Kako je △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C jednakokračan, slijedi x + y = x 2 x+y=x\sqrt2 x + y = x 2 .
Odavde je y = x 2 − x = x ( 2 − 1 ) y=x\sqrt2-x=x(\sqrt2-1) y = x 2 − x = x ( 2 − 1 ) .
Trokut △ A B E \triangle ABE △ A B E je također pravokutan i vrijedi ∣ A B ∣ 2 = x 2 + y 2 |AB|^2=x^2+y^2 ∣ A B ∣ 2 = x 2 + y 2 (Pitagorin poučak).
S druge strane je
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + x 2 ( 2 − 1 ) 2 = x 2 + x 2 ( 2 − 2 2 + 1 ) = x 2 + x 2 ( 3 − 2 2 ) = x 2 ( 1 + 3 − 2 2 ) = x 2 ( 4 − 2 2 ) , \begin{aligned} x^2+y^2&=x^2+x^2(\sqrt2-1)^2\\ &=x^2+x^2(2-2\sqrt2+1)\\ &=x^2+x^2(3-2\sqrt2)\\ &=x^2(1+3-2\sqrt2)\\ &=x^2(4-2\sqrt2), \end{aligned} x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + x 2 ( 2 − 1 ) 2 = x 2 + x 2 ( 2 − 2 2 + 1 ) = x 2 + x 2 ( 3 − 2 2 ) = x 2 ( 1 + 3 − 2 2 ) = x 2 ( 4 − 2 2 ) ,
pa je
∣ A B ∣ = x 2 + y 2 = x 2 ( 4 − 2 2 ) = x 4 − 2 2 = x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 . |AB|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=\sqrt{x^2(4-2\sqrt2)}=x\sqrt{4-2\sqrt2}=x\sqrt2\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}. ∣ A B ∣ = x 2 + y 2 = x 2 ( 4 − 2 2 ) = x 4 − 2 2 = x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 .
Površina trokuta △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C je
P = 1 2 ∣ A B ∣ ⋅ v = 1 2 ∣ B C ∣ ⋅ x . P=\frac{1}{2}|AB|\cdot v=\frac{1}{2}|BC|\cdot x. P = 2 1 ∣ A B ∣ ⋅ v = 2 1 ∣ B C ∣ ⋅ x .
Odavde slijedi
∣ A B ∣ ⋅ v = ∣ B C ∣ ⋅ x , |AB|\cdot v=|BC|\cdot x, ∣ A B ∣ ⋅ v = ∣ B C ∣ ⋅ x ,
x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 = x 2 ⋅ x / : x 2 , x\sqrt2\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}\cdot\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}=x\sqrt2\cdot x\quad/:x\sqrt2, x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 = x 2 ⋅ x / : x 2 ,
2 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 = x , \sqrt{2-\sqrt2}\cdot\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}=x, 2 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 = x ,
x = ( 2 − 2 ) ( 2 + 2 ) , x = 4 − 2 . \begin{aligned} x&=\sqrt{(2-\sqrt2)(2+\sqrt2)},\\ x&=\sqrt{4-2}. \end{aligned} x x = ( 2 − 2 ) ( 2 + 2 ) , = 4 − 2 .
Duljina visine na krak je x = 2 x=\sqrt2 x = 2 .
Drugi način: Pitagorin poučak.
Nakon što izračuna ∣ A B ∣ |AB| ∣ A B ∣ , učenik može x x x dobiti primjenom Pitagorinog poučka.
U pravokutnom trokutu △ A D C \triangle ADC △ A D C vrijedi
∣ A C ∣ 2 = v 2 + ( ∣ A B ∣ 2 ) 2 , |AC|^2=v^2+\left(\frac{|AB|}{2}\right)^2, ∣ A C ∣ 2 = v 2 + ( 2 ∣ A B ∣ ) 2 ,
odnosno
( x 2 ) 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 + ( x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 2 ) 2 . (x\sqrt2)^2=\left(\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{x\sqrt2\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}}{2}\right)^2. ( x 2 ) 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 + ( 2 x 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ) 2 .
Dalje je:
2 x 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 ( 2 − 2 ) 4 , 2 x 2 = 2 + 2 + x 2 − x 2 2 2 , x 2 = 2 + 2 − x 2 2 2 / ⋅ 2 , 2 x 2 = 4 + 2 2 − x 2 2 , 2 x 2 + x 2 2 = 4 + 2 2 , x 2 ( 2 + 2 ) = 2 ( 2 + 2 ) , x 2 = 2 , x = 2 . \begin{aligned} 2x^2&=2+\sqrt2+\frac{2x^2(2-\sqrt2)}{4},\\ 2x^2&=2+\sqrt2+x^2-\frac{x^2\sqrt2}{2},\\ x^2&=2+\sqrt2-\frac{x^2\sqrt2}{2}\quad/\cdot2,\\ 2x^2&=4+2\sqrt2-x^2\sqrt2,\\ 2x^2+x^2\sqrt2&=4+2\sqrt2,\\ x^2(2+\sqrt2)&=2(2+\sqrt2),\\ x^2&=2,\\ x&=\sqrt2. \end{aligned} 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 + x 2 2 x 2 ( 2 + 2 ) x 2 x = 2 + 2 + 4 2 x 2 ( 2 − 2 ) , = 2 + 2 + x 2 − 2 x 2 2 , = 2 + 2 − 2 x 2 2 / ⋅ 2 , = 4 + 2 2 − x 2 2 , = 4 + 2 2 , = 2 ( 2 + 2 ) , = 2 , = 2 .
Treći način: sličnost trokuta.
Nakon što izračuna ∣ A B ∣ |AB| ∣ A B ∣ , učenik može x x x dobiti primjenom sličnosti trokuta.
Trokuti △ A D C \triangle ADC △ A D C i △ A B E \triangle ABE △ A B E su slični prema K-K poučku o sličnosti (jer je ∣ ∠ C D A ∣ = ∣ ∠ A E B ∣ = 90 ° |\angle CDA|=|\angle AEB|=90° ∣∠ C D A ∣ = ∣∠ A E B ∣ = 90° i ∣ ∠ D A C ∣ = ∣ ∠ E B A ∣ = 90 ° − 22.5 ° = 67.5 ° |\angle DAC|=|\angle EBA|=90°-22.5°=67.5° ∣∠ D A C ∣ = ∣∠ E B A ∣ = 90° − 22.5° = 67.5° ).
Tada je
∣ A B ∣ 2 : v = y : x , \frac{|AB|}{2}:v=y:x, 2 ∣ A B ∣ : v = y : x ,
odnosno
x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 : 2 + 2 = x ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) : x . x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}:\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}=x\cdot(\sqrt2-1):x. x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 : 2 + 2 = x ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) : x .
Slijedi:
x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 = 2 + 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) / ⋅ 2 − 2 , x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}=\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}\cdot(\sqrt2-1)\quad/\cdot\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}, x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 = 2 + 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) / ⋅ 2 − 2 ,
x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) = ( 2 + 2 ) ( 2 − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) = 4 − 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) = 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) = 2 − 2 , x ⋅ 2 2 = 1 , x = 2 . \begin{aligned} x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot(2-\sqrt2)&=\sqrt{(2+\sqrt2)(2-\sqrt2)}\cdot(\sqrt2-1),\\ x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot(2-\sqrt2)&=\sqrt{4-2}\cdot(\sqrt2-1),\\ x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot(2-\sqrt2)&=\sqrt2\cdot(\sqrt2-1),\\ x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot(2-\sqrt2)&=2-\sqrt2,\\ x\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}{2}&=1,\\ x&=\sqrt2. \end{aligned} x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) x ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 2 ) x ⋅ 2 2 x = ( 2 + 2 ) ( 2 − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , = 4 − 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , = 2 ⋅ ( 2 − 1 ) , = 2 − 2 , = 1 , = 2 .